Note for Writing Task 1 Ielts Free Essays

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Essay Example for Free

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Essay Sam Hickory February 17, 2010 Hum/Eng.9 The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time In the novel, the voice of Christopher is significant in such a case that it was told from an alternate point of view it is hard to comprehend what goes on in Christopher’s mind and what the attributes of an individual with chemical imbalance are. In the event that this story was told from the point of view of an alternate character for instance, Christopher’s father, the story would for the most part be about how his significant other left him, how its difficult to deal with a youngster with mental imbalance and would exclude the passing of Wellington. On the off chance that he remembered the entirety of this for his perspective in the story then it would be less engaging and intriguing to peruse. At that point Mark Haddon’s motivation behind demonstrating the world what it resembles to be mentally unbalanced would not be cultivated. As a matter of first importance, Christopher’s voice is significant in such a case that it was told from an alternate point of view it is diverse to comprehend what Christopher is thinking and what the qualities of an individual with chemical imbalance are. He recounts to his story as far as he can tell. He likewise incorporates numerous subtleties and depictions of the individuals around him. For instance, in the start of the story he makes reference to an illustrative picture of Siobhan, he composes, â€Å"Siobhan has long fair hair and wears glasses which are made of green plastic† (5). Christopher doesn't comprehend metaphorical language since he takes everything strict. In the start of the story, Christopher makes reference to a significant insight concerning his novel, he writes,†this won't be an amusing book. I can't make wisecracks since I don't comprehend them† (8). All through the story, Christopher specifies little insights concerning himself like how he doesn’t like being contacted, being in huge groups, and doesn't care for outsiders and will continue posing a similar inquiry again and again until his inquiry is Alexus Martinez February 17, 2010 Hum/Eng.9 replied. As should be obvious, these little subtleties help decipher what the qualities are to an individual with mental imbalance. Christopher needs request and strength as he manages mental imbalance since it makes his life upbeat and safe. Anything that risks this harms his psychological state, yet additionally brings him physical agony. Second, if this story was told from Christopher’s father point of view, the story would basically be about how his better half left him, how it is difficult to deal with a youngster with chemical imbalance and all through the entirety of this he would not make reference to the demise of Mrs. Shear’s hound, Wellington. Christopher’s father, Ed Boone, would begin discussing the past with his significant other and how she left him. For instance, in the center of the book, he sees that Christopher read the letters from his mom, he says, â€Å"I did it to your benefit, Christopher. Truly I did. I never intended to lie. I just thought†¦I just idea it would be better in the event that you didn't know†¦that†¦that†¦I didn't mean to†¦I was demonstrating when you were older† (114). This shows Christopher’s father told his child lies since where it counts within him he was harmed still and attempted to disregard the torment in him by not referencing her name. All through the story, Christopher’s father has tolerance for his child sometimes. He is a decent dad and despite the fact that he here and there loses his temper, he despite everything cherishes Christopher. The hardest thing for Christopher’s father is advising Christopher to avoid people groups business. He discloses to him this since Christopher needs to discover who murdered Wellington which annoys his dad. At whatever point Christopher makes reference to Mr. Shear’s name, it upsets him in light of the fact that Christopher’s father’s spouse took part in an extramarital entanglements with Mr. Shears. For instance, in the story, Christopher makes reference to about Mr. Shears being the prime suspect and his Alexus Martinez February 17, 2010 Hum/Eng.9 father yells saying, â€Å"I won't have that man’s name referenced in my house† (49). He says this on the grounds that each time he hears Mr. Shears name in his home, it brings him torment yet in addition gets him upset. All through the story, Christopher makes reference to a ton about himself. The things he loves and what he despises. He additionally makes reference to about Siobhan and how she encourages him through his life. In the event that this story were told from the point of view of Christopher’s father it would not be fascinating or engaging like the manner in which Christopher put it. His dad would exclude any math pictures and conditions that Christopher included or the manner in which he generally discussed his fantasies and the manner in which he considered individuals. Christopher’s father would exclude any of this or may exclude his feelings on things. In the event that none of this was remembered for the story whenever told from the father’s viewpoint, it would make the book dull and exhausting. Taking everything into account, the Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon, the voice of Christopher is significant on the grounds that he tells it from his perspective. In the event that it was told from Christopher’s father, Ed Boone’s perspective, it is distinctive to comprehend what Christopher is thinking and what the qualities are to an individual with mental imbalance are. Christopher’s father would fundamentally incorporate the past with his significant other and how it is to bring up a youngster with chemical imbalance. He would exclude the passing of Wellington. On the off chance that the novel did exclude any of this, the book would be less engaging and fascinating. At that point Mark Haddon’s motivation behind demonstrating the world what it resembles to be mentally unbalanced would not be cultivated. The book would not be that acceptable of a book on the off chance that it was told through an alternate point of view. Alexus Martinez February 17, 2010 Hum/Eng.9 Works Cited 1. Haddon, Mark. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc, 2003.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Treatment Print Why CBT Is Usually Suggested for Eating Disorders By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 16, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 02, 2019 GARO/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention In This Article Table of Contents Expand History Effectiveness Cognitive Model Components Good Candidates Response to Treatment When CBT Doesn't Work View All Back To Top Cognitive behavioral therapy  (CBT) is the leading evidence-based treatment for eating disorders.?? CBT is a psychotherapeutic approach that involves a variety of techniques. These approaches help an individual to understand the interaction between his or her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and develop strategies to change unhelpful thoughts and behaviors in order to improve mood and functioning. CBT itself is not a single distinct therapeutic technique and there are many different forms of CBT that share a common theory about the factors maintaining psychological distress. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) are examples of specific types of CBT treatments.?? CBT is typically time-limited and goal-oriented and involves homework outside of sessions. CBT emphasizes collaboration between therapist and client and active participation by the client. CBT is very effective for a number of psychiatric problems including depression, generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, and OCD. History CBT was developed in the late 1950s and 1960s by psychiatrist Aaron Beck and psychologist Albert Ellis, who emphasized the role of thoughts in influencing feelings and behaviors. CBT for eating disorders was developed in the late 1970s by G. Terence Wilson, Christopher Fairburn, and Stuart Agras. These researchers identified dietary restriction and shape and weight concerns as central to the maintenance of bulimia nervosa, developed a 20-session treatment protocol and began conducting clinical trials. In the 1990s, CBT was applied to binge eating disorder as well.?? In 2008, Fairburn published an updated treatment manual for Enhanced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT-E) designed to treat all eating disorders. CBT-E comprises two formats: a focused treatment similar to the original manual, and a broad treatment which contains extra modules to address mood intolerance, perfectionism, low self-esteem, and interpersonal difficulties that contribute to the maintenance of eating disorders. CBT has been successfully applied in self-help and guided self-help formats for the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. It can also be provided in group formats and higher levels of care, such as residential or inpatient settings.?? More recent adaptations include the use of technology to widen the range of people who have access to effective treatments such as CBT. Research has begun on the delivery of CBT treatment by different technologies, including email, chat, mobile app, and internet-based self-help. There is also recent support for a 10-session CBT for non-underweight eating disorder patients.   Effectiveness CBT is widely considered to be the most effective therapy for the treatment of bulimia nervosa and should, therefore, usually be the initial treatment offered at the outpatient level.?? The UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines recommend CBT as the first-line treatment for adults with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder and one of three potential treatments to consider for adults with anorexia nervosa. One study compared five months of CBT (20 sessions) for women with bulimia nervosa with two years of weekly psychoanalytic psychotherapy.?? Seventy patients were randomly assigned to one of these two groups. After five months of therapy (the end of the CBT treatment), 42 percent of patients in the CBT group and 6 percent of the patients in the psychoanalytic therapy group had stopped binge-eating and purging. At the end of two years (completion of the psychoanalytic therapy), 44 percent of the CBT group and 15 percent of the psychoanalytic group were symptom-free.?? Another study compared CBT-E with interpersonal therapy (IPT), an alternative leading treatment for adults with an eating disorder. In the study, 130 adult patients with an eating disorder were randomly assigned to receive either CBT-E or IPT.?? Both treatments involved 20 sessions over 20 weeks, followed by a 60-week follow-up period. At post-treatment, 66 percent of the CBT-E participants met criteria for remission, compared with only 33 percent of the IPT participants. Over the follow-up period, the CBT-E remission rate remained higher (69 percent versus 49 percent). A 2018 systematic review concluded that CBT-E was an effective treatment for adults with bulimia nervosa, BED, and OSFED. It also noted that CBT-E for bulimia nervosa is highly cost-effective compared with psychoanalytic psychotherapy.?? Cognitive Model of Eating Disorders The cognitive model of eating disorders posits that the core maintaining problem in all eating disorders is overconcern with shape and weight. The specific way this overconcern manifests can vary. It can drive any of the following:?? Strict dietingLow weightBinge eatingCompensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, laxatives, and excessive exercise Further, these components can interact to create the symptoms of an eating disorder. Strict dietingâ€"including skipping meals, eating small amounts of food, and avoiding forbidden foodsâ€"can lead to low weight and/or binge eating. Low weight can lead to malnutrition and also can lead to binge eating. Bingeing can lead to intense guilt and shame and a renewed attempt to diet. It can also lead to efforts to undo the purging through compensatory behaviors. Patients typically get caught in a cycle. Components CBT is a structured treatment. In its most common form, it consists of 20 sessions. Goals are set. Sessions are spent weighing the patient, reviewing homework, reviewing the case formulation, teaching skills, and problem-solving. CBT typically includes the following components:?? Psychoeducation to understand what maintains the eating disorder and the psychological and medical consequences.Replacement of dieting with normal eatingâ€"typically three meals plus two to three snacks per day. The patient can decide what to eat as long as it resembles a meal or snack.Meal planning. The patient should plan meals ahead of time and always know “what and when” his or her next meal will be.Completion of food records immediately after eating and noting thoughts and feelings as well as behaviors.Regular weighing (usually once per week) in order to track progress and run experiments.Development of strategies to prevent binges and compensatory behaviors, such as the use of delays and alternatives and problem-solving strategies.Challenge of dietary rules. This involves identifying rules and challenging them behaviorally (such as eating after 8 p.m. or eating a sandwich for lunch).Development of continuum thinking to replace all-or-nothing thinking.The use of behavioral e xperiments. For example, if a client believes that eating a cupcake will cause a five-pound weight gain, he or she would be encouraged to consume a cupcake and see if it does. These behavioral experiments are generally much more effective than cognitive restructuring alone.Exposure to fear foods. After regular eating is well-established and compensatory behaviors are under control, patients gradually reintroduce the foods they fear.Relapse prevention to identify both strategies that have been helpful and how to deal with potential future stumbling blocks. Because the treatment is time-limited, the goal is for the patient to become his or her own therapist. Other components commonly included:?? Cessation of body checkingReduction of body avoidanceDevelopment of new sources of self-esteemChallenge of the eating disorder mindsetEnhancement of interpersonal skills Good Candidates for CBT Adults with bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other specified eating disorder (OSFED) are potentially good candidates for CBT. Older adolescents with bulimia and binge eating disorder may also benefit from CBT.?? Response to Treatment Therapists conducting CBT aim to introduce behavioral change as early as possible. Research has shown that patients who are able to make early behavioral changes such as establishing more regular eating and reducing the frequency of purging behavior are more likely to be successfully treated at the end of treatment.?? When CBT Doesnt Work CBT is often recommended as a first-line treatment. If a trial of CBT is not successful, individuals can be referred for DBT (a specific type of CBT with greater intensity) or to a higher level of care such as partial hospitalization or residential treatment program.

Hurricane Katrin Disasters And Disasters - 909 Words

Hurricane Katrina Weather disasters come in all different forms, everything from volcanos to earthquakes and tsunamis and hurricanes. All of these are natural disasters and all have their own significant impacts. We have experienced several of these within the past 10 years. Many with great impacts, however as far as hurricanes go, Katrina was one of the five the most dangerous and devastating hurricanes of U.S. history. On August 28, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast of the United States. The damage from the actual storm was devastating. Hundreds of thousands of people in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama were displaced from their homes, and experts estimate that Katrina caused more than $100 billion in damage. History.com Staff (2009). The aftermath was even worse as the levees were damaged causing increased flooding and additional damage. In preparation for the hurricane, the first ever mandatory evacuation of New Orleans was ordered. Damage Caused by Hurricane Katrina The hurricane formed over the Bahamas and gained strength in the Gulf of Mexico. It affected the states along the gulf, from Florida to Texas, but the brunt of the damage took place in the state of Louisiana, before it moved up the east coast. It had an impact of unforeseen magnitude. Not only did it cause damage to the homes and businesses, the storm destroyed structures such as the levees that were keeping the water from flooding a majority of New Orleans Perish. Winds up to 170 MPH andShow MoreRelatedHurricane Katrin Human Made Disaster Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesHurricane Katrina: Human-made Disaster â€Å"Situated on a bend of the Mississippi River 100 miles from its mouth, New Orleans has been the chief city of Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico’s busiest northern port since the early 1700s. Founded by the French, ruled for 40 years by the Spanish and bought by the United States in the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, New Orleans is known for its distinct Creole culture and vibrant history. Significant battles of the War of 1812 and the Civil War were fought overRead MoreHurricane Katrin Disaster Response And Recovery System2328 Words   |  10 PagesHurricane Katrina has been noted as one of the costliest and deadliest natural disasters in US history. This paper will exam the city of New Orleans and the preparation, response, and aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. This catastrophic event shaped the US disaster response and recovery system. The city of New Orleans is the most populated city in state of Louisiana. Due to the geographical location, the city was at a significant risk for flooding. New Orleans was originally settled on the naturalRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesdevil-devised doctrine to the detriment of deluded mankind and which sinful shitsem [system] will therefore be destroyed in a predestined apocalyptic judgement of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, lightening bolts, brimstone, molten lava, thunder, plagues, hurricanes, drought, famine, tidal waves, hail and heat waves . . . in short by what could be described as a supernaturally controlled ecological backlash.56 52 RASTAFARI Thus the cataclysmic destruction of Babylon will come by its own hands. Its

Emile Durkheim On Suicide Summary - 1081 Words

Emile Durkheim states in his book, â€Å"On Suicide: A Study in Sociology,† â€Å"Social man†¦is the masterpiece of existence.† This statement stands out to me because the types of suicide Emile talks about is how man and the social world interact. Emile contributed many things for sociology and one of those things would be, â€Å"developing a new methodology, which focusses on what he calls â€Å"social facts†, or elements of collective life that exist independently of and are able to exert an influence on the individual† (iep.utm.edu). Another big way Emile contributed to sociology was by separating sociology from all other studies. Emile believed that sociology and philosophy are complementary but sociology has an advantage over philosophy†¦show more content†¦The second type of suicide is Altruistic suicide. This suicide occurs among tightly knit groups when they came under severe threat and members were prepared to die in the groups defense (actforlibraries.org). Right off the bat this reminds me of ISIS. They have many suicide bombers that if ISIS came under threat that anyone of the ISIS members would be prepared to die to defend the group. Although ISIS is what comes to my mind for Altruistic suicide Emile states that it can be anyone. They do not have to be in a group. An example used for this would be, a wife killing herself when her husband is dead (home.ku.edu). Altruistic suicide is where the ego is not its own property (home.ku.edu). In other words, having an ego would prevent you from committing suicide because of a group or incident. When you do not have an ego, you are easily manipulated to do what the group says or what you think would benefit the group. The third type of suicide is Anomic suicide. This type of suicide happens when there is disillusionment and disappointment (actforlibraries.org). Anomie was a concept Durkheim developed to describe a state where social and/or moral norm s were confused, unclear, or simply not present (â€Å"normlessness†) (actforlibraries.org). This type of suicide reminds me of what someone would do if their city or town is in massShow MoreRelatedHow Society Can Be Both Internal and External to Human Beings1082 Words   |  5 Pagesclub in which theyre are a member of. To Emile Durkheim, the worlds first official Sociologist, society is a complex structure in which each separate part is responsible for its own function for the benefit of the whole. This essay will not only explain how society can be both internal and external to human beings, but also three characteristics of the social fact concept, and three of Durkheims sociologically significant concepts. According to Durkheim, society comes in two forms: internal andRead MoreEmile Durkheim1131 Words   |  5 PagesEmile Durkheim, the world s first official Sociologist believes society is a complex structure in which each separate part is responsible for its own function for the benefit of the whole. This essay will explain how society can be both internal and external to human beings, also three characteristics of the social fact concept, and three of Durkheim s sociologically significant concepts. According to Durkheim, society comes in two forms: internal and external. First, the internal society formsRead MoreCrime Is Necessary: Durkheim’s Theory of Crime729 Words   |  3 Pagespoliticians and other people of everyday society, as horrid and unnecessary. Emile Durkheim believes that crime is normal and it isnt possible for it to not exist. If crime is everywhere and in no area has crime ever been successfully eradicated then we should assume it is there for a reason. Acco rding to many books written by Emile Durkheim, such as Suicide, and The Division of Labor, society plays a large role in our actions and Durkheim explains that reasons to which why crime is executable. Experts inRead MoreDurkheim‚Äà ´s theories focusing on sociological methodology, division of labor and social solidarity1195 Words   |  5 Pages3 – Durkheim 03/29/2014 DURKHEIM: A SUMMARY OF THEORIES IN RELATION TO MARX AND WEBER Durkheim’s theories focusing on sociological methodology, division of labor and social solidarity The majority of Durkheim’s work is interested in society and societies ability to preserve coherence and rationality an period of increasing modernity. Throughout his work Durkheim was intensely concerned that society become a legitimate science, this is especially obvious when reading the book ‘Emile Durkheim:Read MoreBiography of Emile Durkheim1258 Words   |  6 PagesBiography of Durkheim and his contribution to criminological thought- (1000 words, 30%) David Emile Durkheim, who was a French Sociologist, was born on April 15th in Epinal, France, 1858. He is arguably the most influential figure in western sociology and also immensely significant in criminology. He lived until the age of 59 when he suffered a stroke after he had recovered for a sufficient amount of time he then continued with his work however he eventually died, in Paris, on November 15thRead MoreDurkheim and the Relevance of His Theories in Modern Society1240 Words   |  5 Pagesthe works of Emile Durkheim. This essay focuses on four main sociological concepts proposed by the functionalist Emile Durkheim; the division of labour; mechanical and organic solidarity; anomie and suicide, and examines their relevance in contemporary society. Along with Marx and Weber, Durkheim is considered one of the founding members of modern sociology. He is also credited with making sociology a science through his application of scientific and empirical research. Durkheim believed thatRead MoreThe Significance for Economic Anthropology of the Work of Marx and Durkheim1557 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the significance for economic anthropology of the work of Marx and Durkheim? Introduction The works of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim have proved that they were indeed the finding fathers of modern social theory during the late 19th to the early 20th century. Along with others (i.e. Weber, Simmel, Veblen etc.) they had laid down the foundations of our understanding of the relationships that are held between culture and society on one hand, and economic activity on the other hand. Marx sawRead Morecriminology in kenya3603 Words   |  15 PagesUNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY ASSIGMENT EMILE DURKHEIM (1958-1971) VIEWED INEQUALITY AS A NATURAL AND INEVITABLE HUMAN CODITION THAT IS ASSOCAITED WITH SOCIAL MALADIES SUCH AS CRIME UNLESS THERE IS . EXPLAIN AN ASSET DURKHEIMS THEORY ON CRIME AND CRIME CAUSATION. STUDENT ID NO :12S01ALLB009 NAME : WACHIRA ANNE WANGUI DATE DUE :8/4/2014 [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of theRead MoreEmile Durkheim, the Father of Sociology Essay2001 Words   |  9 Pagesthe ideals of how a society could be. Without Emile Durkheim, the father of sociology, sociology may not have ever reached the great attributes or been considered something worth pursuing. Durkheim was the change that people needed in order to make their society something worth changing and fighting for. Durkheim’s work had no limitations, he was able to explore every aspect of sociology that he wanted, and that is exactly what he set out to do. Durkheim realized several problems people were havingRead MoreThesis Statement . The Act Of Suicide Effects Many Individuals1528 Words   |  7 PagesThesis Statement The act of suicide effects many individuals worldwide. The medical definition of suicide is â€Å"the act or an instance of taking one’s own life voluntarily and intentionally† (Turner,1). However, suicide is more than just a medical condition. Emile Durkheim, referred to this state as altruism, which means that an individual’s personality is preserved to be of little value; he called this altruistic suicide (Douglas, 13). On the other hand, there are many types of cause and effect

Marketing 311 Study Guide Midterm 1 Free Essays

string(56) " large market share in a mature, slow growing industry\." 1. Managing customers as assets? – * Building the right relationships with the right customers involves treating customers as assets that need to be managed and maximized * Different types of customers require different relationship management strategies * Customer relationship management is the overall process of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior value and satisfaction * 2. Marketing Mix (4 P’s) * Product, price, place and promotion—the controllable set of activities that a firm uses to respond to the wants of its target markets * Product- goods, services and ideas Price-everything the buyer gives up (time, energy, money) in exchange for the product * Place- all the activities necessary to get the product to the right customer when that customer wants it. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing 311 Study Guide Midterm 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Supply chain management- the set of approaches and techniques that firms employ to efficiently and effectively integrate their suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, stores, and other firms involved in the transaction, such as transportation companies into a seamless value chain. This allows merchandise to be produced and distributed in the right quantities, to the right place, and at the right time. * Promotion- Communicating the value of a product to its customers. * 3. Consumer decision making process- * Need Recognition- consumers recognize that they have an unsatisfied need and want to go from their needy state to a desired state. The bigger this gap is=the greater the need recognition. * Functional needs- pertains to the performance of a product or service. Psychological needs- pertain to the personal gratification consumers associate with a product or service. **shoes are needed to keep feet clean. $500 shoes satisfy a psychological need. * THE KEY TO SUCCESSFUL MARKETING: establishing a balance between these two needs that best appeals to that firm’s target market * Search For Information- second step is to search for info about various options that will satisfy the need. The length of time spent on this will relate to how much risk is involved should you hoose the wrong option. * Internal search for information- the buyer examines his own memory and knowledge about the option. * External search for information- buyer seeks information from outside himself to make a decision. Talking with friends, family, sales people, research online†¦ * Factors the affect consumer’s’ search process * Perceived Benefits vs. Perceived Costs – is it worth the time and effort? If there is high risk (buying a house) people will spend more time researching. The Locus of Control – people with internal locus control believe they have control over the outcomes of their actions. These people do more researching. People with external locus of control believe that fate and external factors control outcomes. It doesn’t matter to them how long they spend searching. * Actual or Perceived Risk- Performance, Financial and psychological risks influence how long and how much research will be done. * Performance Risk - risk of getting a bad (poorly performing) product. Financial Risk- risk with money outlay. Warranties reduce that risk * Psychological risks- how people feel if a product does not convey the right image * Type of Product or Service- specialty, shopping, and convenience products * Specialty goods and services- people have a strong preference and will expend time looking for the best supplier (prius vs other hybrid†¦) * Shopping goods and services- going from store to store looking for a product (perfume, shoes†¦. * Convenience goods and services- things that do not require research and are often purchases without very much thought (bread, soap†¦) * Evaluation of Alternatives- sifting through the available choices they have gathered info on and evaluating the option available to them. Universal sets- all possible choices available to them for that product * Retrieval sets- brands or stores that can be easily remembered and always come to mind * Evoked set- alternative brands and stores that a customer states they would consider when making a choice(companies want to be here to increase likelihood of purchase and reduce searching in other areas). This is the group that the choice has been narrowed down to by specific criteria. * Evaluative criteria- a set of important attributes about a particular product. ( looking for a tv†¦picture quality, rightness, reputation, technical support†¦) * Determinant attributes- product or service features that are important to the buyer and where competing brands may differ. * Consumer decision rules- the set of rules and criteria that consumers use consciously or subconsciously to quickly and efficiently select from alternatives. * Compensatory- assumes that the consumer trades off one characteristic for another. * Non compensatory- when consumers choose a product or service on the basis of a characteristic regardless of the value of its other characteristics. Decision heuristics- mental shortcuts that help a consumer narrow down choices. Price, brand, product presentation * Purchase and Consumption- buying a product and â€Å"putting it to the test† * Ritual consumption- pattern of behaviors tied to life events that affect what and how we consume. Symbolic meaning and vary my importance and culture. * Post Purchase- marketers are interested in this because it involves actual customers rather than potential customers. Satisfied customers become repeat customers. Customer satisfaction- build realistic expectations, demonstrate correct product use, stand behind the product with money back and warranty guarantees and encourage customer feedback * Post purchase dissonance- the uncomfortable feeling produced by inconsistency between beliefs and behaviors, buyer’s remorse * Customer loyalty- marketers attempt to solidify a loyal relationship with their customers * Undesirable consumer behavior- negative word of mouth * 4. Maslow’s hierarchy? Maslow’s Hierarc hy of Needs * Physiological- basic biological necessities of life – food, shelter drink and rest. In most developed countries these needs are generally met, but in less fortunate countries they’re not. * Safety needs- protection and physical well being (airbags, alarms, vitamins†¦) * Love needs- relate to our interactions with others * Esteem needs- satisfy their inner desires, (yoga, meditation†¦) * Self actualization – occurs when you feel completely satisfied with your life and how you live. You don’t care what others think. * 5. BCG matrix? – Boston Consulting Group Matrix * Provides a framework for allocating resources among different units. Things are explained as being in one of four areas of a grid: * Cash cow- a unit that has a large market share in a mature, slow growing industry. You read "Marketing 311 Study Guide Midterm 1" in category "Papers" Cash cows don’t require much more investment * Star- a business unit that has a large market share in a industry that is rapidly growing. They produce a lot of cash and require a lot of investment to keep up their competitive advantage * Question mark (Problem Child)- unit that has a small market share in a quickly growing market. They require a lot of resources and their potential is relatively unknown * Dog- a unit that has a small share of the market in a mature stable industry. Does not require investment. But could this money be used in a better unit? 6. Marketing strategy options- Marketing strategy- identifies a firms target market(s), a related marketing mix—their four P’s, the basis upon which the firm plans to build a sustainable competitive advantage * Sustainable competitive advantage- an advantage over the competition that is not easily copied and thus can be maintained over a long period of time. * Customer excellence- achieved when a firm develops a value based strategy for retaining loyal customers and provides outstanding customer service * ? Having a strong brand, unique merchandise and great customer service solidify this. Operational excellence- through efficient operations, excellent supply chain management, strong relationships with their suppliers and excellent human resource management to yield productive employees. * Product excellence- involves a focus on achieving high quality products; effective branding and positioning is key. * THE MARKETING PLAN * Define the business mission * Conduct a situation Analysis(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Analysis) * Identifying and Evaluating Opportunities using segmentation, targeting and positioning * Implement Marketing Mix and Allocate Resources Evaluate Performance Using Marketing Metrics * GROWTH STRATEGIES * Market Penetration- employs the existing marketing mix and focuses the firm’s efforts on existing customers. * May include: attracting new customers to the firm’s existing market, encouraging current customers to patronize the firm more often, * Requires efforts such as increase d advertising and additional sale and promotions, intensified distribution efforts in geographic areas where the product or service is already sold. Market Development Strategy- employs the existing marketing offering to reach new market segments whether domestic or international * International expansion is riskier because firms must deal with differences in culture, government regulations, supply chains and language. * Product Development Strategy- offers a new product of service to a firm’s current market. * Diversification strategy- introduces a new product or service to a market segment that currently is not served * Diversification opportunities may be either related or unrelated. When related the current target market and or marketing mix shares something in common with the new opportunity * Unrelated diversification lacks any common elements with the present business, so they do not capitalize on the cores strengths associated with markets or products. They are very risky. 7. Different types of Marketing Research options and their pros and cons? * Market Research Process * 1) Define the problem * 2) Develop the research plan * 3) Collect data * 4) Develop findings 5) Take Actions based on your findings * Sources of Data * Primary Research- original data collected by researchers themselves * Quantitative research is data analysis based on archival data, panel data or questionnaires from a large group of respondents * Qualitative research (e. g. ethnographic research) provides a holistic view of a research problem by integrating a larger number of variables, but asking only a few respondents * Secondary research- data collected and nalyzed by someone else * Ex ploratory Research- attempts to begin to understand the phenomenon of interest; also provides initial information wen the problem lacks any clear definition * Conclusive Research- provides the information needed to confirm preliminary insights which managers can use to pursue appropriate courses of action * Observation- exploratory research method that entails examining the purchase and consumption behaviors through personal or video camera scrutiny. In-Depth interview- exploratory research technique in which trained researchers as questions, listen to and record the answers and pose additional questions to clarify or expand on a particular issue. * Survey- a systematic means of collecting information from people that generally uses a questionnaire * Unstructured questions- open ended questions that allow respondents to answer in their own words * Structured questions- close-ended questions that proved respondents with specific answers to evaluate. How to evaluate the data- * Who co llected the data? * Would there be any reason to purposely misrepresent the facts? * For what purpose was the data collected? * How / when was the data collected? * Are the data internally consistent and logical in the light of known data sources or market factors? * Is the instrument available? 8. Coke Case? – After 99 years of Coca-Cola, executives decided to abandon their formula and start over. In the 1970’s people began preferring Pepsi to Coke during taste test groups. Coke conducted their own tests and found the same results. Looking to regain the market share, they decided to change their formula. Perception of this idea varied widely during focus group interviews. Secret tests of different coke formulas in cities across the country showed that 55% of people preferred the â€Å" New Coke. † Executives conducted a press conference to release this information. News spread quickly, and soon complaints came pouring in when people were aware. After this release only 30% of people preferred the new Coke. This is said to be the â€Å"Marketing Blunder of the Decade† 9. John Quelch’s ideas on the â€Å"New Normal† (under lecture 3 or lecture 4? slides)? * â€Å"New Normal† types of consumers Slam-on-the-brakes (sudden loss of income) Pained-but-patient(see light at the end, hope) Live-for-today(have job, party like 1999 Comfortably-well-offs(willing to postpone for now) * â€Å"New Normal† types of purchase Essentials (switch from organic to non-organic or switch brands). Treats (minimize quantity or frequency of purchases (e. g. , Haagen Daz). Post-ponables (e. g. , big ticket items like washers, TVs, remodeling, dental work, plastic surgery) Expendables (e. g. , multiple vacations per year, private schools, eating out, going out to movies) 10. Segmentation, target market, repositioning? * Types of Segmentation- * Niche Marketing * Focusing on meeting the needs of one specific target market * Often the best strategy for small companies in a large market * Can be risky if the niche is not large enough to be profitable * Differentiated Marketing Using several different marketing mixes to target several different target markets * Allows companies to target a larger number of customers * Can lead to higher market share overall * Can be difficult to maintain cost efficiencies with multiple marketing mixes * Individual Marketing * Customizing the marketing mix to meet individual needs * Ideal because marketers are meeting the needs of individual customers * Requires very detailed information on customers * Can be difficult/expen sive to implement Demographic Segmentation * Gender * Age * Race/Ethnicity * Income Level * Occupation * Education Level * Household size or composition * Psychographic Segmentation- * Based on social class, lifestyles, personality and beliefs * Often generalized from activities, interests and opinions * Can be difficult to categorize consumers but categorizations are likely to be more accurate than simple demographic segmentation * Criteria for good segmenting- * Consumers within a segment are homogeneous. * Consumers between segments are heterogeneous. The segment is profitable. * The segment is reachable. * Criteria for evaluating Segment Attractiveness * Size of the segment * Expected cost to reach the segment * Expected growth of the segment * Competition (ie: 5 forces framework) * Company objectives and resources (e. g. , synergies with other product lines or brands) * Targeting is evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to ent er. To do this, two steps are involved * Developing measures of segment attractiveness * Selecting the target market Positioning- * Goal: Show consumers that your brand can offer them more value than the competition can. * Positioning by competitors: Hertz- We’re #2, so we try harder * Positioning by attribute: Sendodyne- The toothpaste for sensitive teeth * Positioning by use or application: Nyquil- The nighttime, sniffling, sneezing, coughing, aching, stuffy head, fever so you can rest medicine * Positioning by user: Pepsi- The Choice of the new generation * Positioning by product class: Taco Bell- Think outside the bun * 11. Reliability and Validity * Reliability – is the consistency of your measurement, or the degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used under the same condition with the same subjects. In short, it is an estimate of the repeatability of your measurement. * Is an instrument reliable? * Test / Retest – in this appro ach you have the same subjects take the same survey multiple times. The idea behind test / retest is that subjects should get the same scores on test 1 and test two. * Internal consistency – in this approach you group similar questions together and measure how highly correlated they are with one another – Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of correlation used in this method * Validity – is more difficult to define than reliability but basically validity is a measure of how close we are to the truth when we conduct marketing research. Two examples: * Construct validity – are we really measuring what we think we’re measuring? e. g. , satisfaction, brand loyalty * External validity – will our results apply to other settings and contexts or are they limited to the subjects / contexts that we chose for our study? – e. g. , student subjects * * * * * * How to cite Marketing 311 Study Guide Midterm 1, Papers

Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw and Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys Essay Example

Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw and Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys Essay Bernard Shaw and Jean Rhys were both influential in their genre fields. Both the play and the novel develop themes of the rights of the individual and how that individual may be set aside from the rest of the society they inhabit. Throughout the development of civilisation there are accepted modes of representation and this is certainly applicable to both playwrights and novelist. Each has certain traditions that have preceded them and it is interesting to see how both Shaw and Rhys conform to a point, yet also resist those conventions within Pygmalion and Wide Sargasso Sea. Looking at the text of Pygmalion we can see that on the surface it does conform to the traditional rules of the structure of the play. The elite method for the written text of the play was for it to be constructed into five separate acts, which were outlined by the Greek philosopher, Aristotle. (Myths and Conventions, Unit 19, page 12) In Act 1, Shaw conforms to the exposition element of his play by introducing all the characters and sets up a promise of what is to happen when Higgins, referring to Eliza, declares that in three months I could pass that girl off as a duchess []. (Pygmalion, page 18) To the audience it would be apparent that this would be no effortless task after hearing Elizas opening words of Nah then, Freddy: look wh y gowin, deah. (Pygmalion, page 16) We will write a custom essay sample on Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw and Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw and Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw and Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Formally, the opening is also suitable for its purpose of performance. The sequence with the Eynsdford-Hills conforms to a performance element in the fact that it contains partially irrelevant information. With the settling down of the audience it was important to Shaw to not open with necessary information. However, the fact that the middle classes are the element of ridicule here does contribute to the themes in the play Claras obvious anxiety is comical. In a historical context, many of Shaws audience would actually be middle class citizens and causing them to laugh cynically at this behaviour would motivate them to consider the deeper moral issues in the play. Act 2, defined as the development act continues with Eliza declaring Im coming to have lessons, I am. And to pay for em te-oo. (Pygmalion, page 26) Following Higgins agreement to her proposition they set out to wash and bathe her. Elizas prudish behaviour and marked assertions of I always been a good girl (Pygmalion, page 35) contrast directly with Higgins undomesticated actions and penchant for swearing. Shaw flags up another contradictory element between the classes the issue of middle class morality, which Doolittle later falls prey to. The dynamics of the argument between Doolittle and Higgins in performance would have served Shaws intentions; We want a frankly didactic theatre. (Myths and Conventions, Unit 19, page 34) Mrs Pearces questions and, later in the play, those of Mrs Higgins act in imitation of a classical Greek chorus asking the question of what is to become of Eliza? Looking at the play in a historical context we see that when Shaw was writing Pygmalion in 1912 a new form of realist theatre was emerging. The three stipulations of this type of theatre were that the setting should be sparse, the language should be as close to the audiences own language as possible, and that it should concern serious moral issues. In this sense Shaw was conforming to conventions of his era. He chooses not to use the heightened language of verse and rather includes the gritty cockney accents to highlight the contrasts between societies. In a didactic sense, he draws on the Ovidian myth of Pygmalion to highlight issues surrounding the responsibility of the creator and the individual rights of the created. The Ovidian Pygmalion was rather romantic in conclusion and Shaw reworked this myth in a realistic setting, assuring us that there were wider problems to confront in our own society. Act 3, though conventionally it is meant to be the climax, is not action-filled but rather comically heightened. Elizas transformation is partially complete, in the fact that she can phonetically converse with the middle classes, though the content of what she says is not suitable for her surroundings: Acts 4 and 5, traditionally name the turning-point and dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nouement (unravelling) are flouted here. The rags-to-riches element of the play is cast aside when Eliza throws Higgins slippers towards him. Although the turning point is that Eliza does leave Higgins and Pickering, the eventual outcome in Act 5 is not the unravelling that some may have expected, nothing is resolved in a comfortable light as Shaw wanted a realist ending and therefore could not settle Eliza with marriage. Shaw suggested that discussion should take the place of unravelling and the eventual discourse of Doolittles rise in social status, and Elizas comments on her tutors allows Shaw to voice more of his views on the social change he felt was so needed. [] the difference between a lady and a flower-girl is not how she behaves, but how she is treated. (Pygmalion, page 95) Shaw thought that violence to tame wild ways (as in Shakespeares Taming of the Shrew) was a defeatist action. The prevailing class hierarchy is shown to be superficial and the command of phonetics evidently was the key to social mobility. (Myths and Conventions, Unit 19, page 38) Wide Sargasso Sea, written in the 1960s, also challenged current ideas about race, stereotyping and gender, and those of the Victorian novelist, Charlotte Bronte. Wide Sargasso Sea opens with a distinctly unsettling narrative. The point of view is of that of Antoinette, as a child, growing up on her Coulibri estate. Suggestions of conflict are echoed throughout the opening sequence, with Mr Luttrells suicide, and the unfamiliar setting positions the reader with apprehension and a lack of knowledge. The first section of the story is like echoed visions rather than a direct narrative. Jean Rhys uses the imagery of the landscape to suggest the atmosphere of the people of the estate who felt no need to work after the Emancipation Act. All Coulibri Estate had gone wild like the garden. (Wide Sargasso Sea, page 6) From the first person narrative of Antoinette we hear the language of the people around her, Godfrey and Christophine have a peculiar type of dialect a patois, which also unsettles the reader. The unfamiliarity distances us from the action and from identifying with the characters and placing them within a knowable framework. However, the first person narration actually brings us closer to Antoinette and we can feel her isolation more acutely when Tia betrays her. This also sets of the theme of race alongside isolation. The girls differences are not only exemplified through their physical differences; [Tia] had small eyes, very black, set deep in her head. (Wide Sargasso Sea, page 9) They are also set-aside in the social structure both girls are trapped in the racist community where status has seen as inversion following the Emancipation Act. Following Annettes marriage to Mr Mason, Jean Rhys examines English attitudes not only to the Creole population but also to the black community that are now free. Mason misunderstands their danger and his assumptions are based on stereotypes. Theyre too damn lazy to be dangerous. (Wide Sargasso Sea, page 16) Mason is shown to be a typically naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, stiff upper-lipped, Englishman, presuming that English culture is the right way to live and that other cultures are barely more than savagery. Jean Rhys continues to flout the conventions of the Victorian novelist by incorporating more than one narrator. This was typical of the gothic genre an unsettling approach to reading, coupled with Antoinettes recurring nightmares. In the second section, narrated by Antoinettes husband, Jean Rhys exploits the traditional hero of Rochester by proving him to be elusive and emotionally affected by his surroundings rather the solid rogue character in Jane Eyre; [] a wild place. Not only wild but menacing. Those hills would close in on you. (Wide Sargasso Sea, page 42) Rhys thought that a more realistic view would be to show how an individuals circumstance and surroundings could alter their behaviour it is natural for emotions to change and for people to adapt or rebel. Antoinettes husband becomes the alienated being likened to Antoinettes role in Jane Eyre. However, one feature that persistently pervades the dialogue is the widely descriptive language. This is a very common trait of realist writing of the nineteenth century. Jean Rhys uses the description of the wild terrain to reflect the emotional stability of the characters. The stormy weather indicates his emotional unrest and when the decision is made to leave the honeymoon island for England it is the approaching hurricane season that determines when they leave; The hurricane months are not far away. [] The contemptuous wind passes. [] Tied to a lunatic for life a drunken lying lunatic. (Wide Sargasso Sea, page 106) Following this, a more explicit imitation of Jane Eyre follows with a narrative from Grace Poole and another from Antoinette. The suppression is complete and she is emotionally and psychologically broken. Then I open the door and walk into their world. It is, [] made of cardboard [] that has no light in it. (Wide Sargasso Sea, page 117) Both Bernard Shaw and Jean Rhys had strong opinions of what was needed or wrong with the society they inhabited. Shaw highlights the unnecessary degradation of the lower classes and Elizas isolation in her company is similar to that of Antoinette. Both writers use myths to correlate with issues that need resolving in their own world. Shaw uses the myth of Pygmalion whereas Rhys flouts the myth of the mysterious madwoman in Jane Eyre. For as much as they conformed to certain conventions probably subconsciously, as both were educated and steeped in tradition, they also exploited them to suit their purpose. Both Pygmalion and Wide Sargasso Sea deal with a broadly feminist angle that of suppression by their male counterparts. Eliza has little choice of career following her education and Antoinette was virtually sold to her husband. Shaw and Rhys emphasise that nothing is concrete social structure, emotional stability and right and wrong can often be interpreted differently depending o n the circumstance.